HIV & AIDS - Prevention
Questions
In Progress
Answered
ID |
Question |
Subject |
Answer |
| 1953 |
|
A need to learn more |
|
| 877 |
|
A pregnant PLHIV |
|
| 1440 |
|
Abstinence syndrome |
|
| 93 |
|
Access to treatment |
|
| 703 |
|
Access to treatment |
|
Total number: 357 ( More )
Publications
| Title |
 Authors |
Publication |
Page(s) | Link / File | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection | World Health Organization | [website] |
:
|
||
| Since the early 1990s, in many countries antiretroviral medicines have been prescribed for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This practice has since been extended to non-occupational situations, primarily for cases of sexual assault. Increasingly, however, both policy-makers and health care providers have been raising questions about certain aspects of the use of HIV PEP: in particular, about the indications for post-exposure prophylaxis, the most suitable antiretroviral medicines to use and various issues relating to prescribing protocols and clinical management. Awareness of these areas of uncertainty has been further heightened by the expanding availability of antiretroviral therapy in more resource constrained settings and has led to calls for clear operational guidance on providing PEP. In September 2005, a Joint WHO/ILO expert consultation for the development of policy and guidelines on occupational and non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis was held in Geneva. The objectives of this consultation were: o to review scientific evidence and programmatic experience in relation to providing PEP in occupational and non-occupational settings; and o to recommend a consensus approach to formulating policy and operational guidelines for HIV PEP. Although the needs of workers and people who have been sexually assaulted provided the focus of the consultation, consideration was given to other types of non-occupational exposure for which PEP might be indicated: specifically, those arising from isolated or episodic injecting drug use and consensual sexual exposure. The consultation recommendations, which are based on current understanding of the efficacy of PEP and available data for comparing different PEP strategies, represent the collective opinion of experts working in this field and form the basis of the present policy guidelines and service delivery recommendations. | |||||
| Эффективность применения презерватива в целях снижения передачи ВИЧ инфекции при гетеросексуальных контактах | Wilkinson D | http://apps.who.int/rhl/hiv_aids/dwcom/ru/index.html |
:
|
||
| Эффективность применения презерватива в целях снижения передачи ВИЧ инфекции при гетеросексуальных контактах | |||||
| Lowering the Risk of HIV After Sex or Other Exposure | Tony Hosey, Pharm.D. | Test Positive Aware Network |
:
|
||
| HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention | Rebecca F Baggaley, Richard G White and Marie-Claude Boily | International Journal of Epidemiology | (2010) doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq057 |
:
|
|
| Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectiousness of anal intercourse (AI) has not been systematically reviewed, despite its role driving HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men (MSM) and its potential contribution to heterosexual spread. We assessed the per-act and per-partner HIV transmission risk from AI exposure for heterosexuals and MSM and its implications for HIV prevention. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on HIV-1 infectiousness through AI was conducted. PubMed was searched to September 2008. A binomial model explored the individual risk of HIV infection with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Results A total of 62 643 titles were searched; four publications reporting per-act and 12 reporting per-partner transmission estimates were included. Overall, random effects model summary estimates were 1.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–2.5)] and 40.4% (95% CI 6.0–74.9) for per-act and per-partner unprotected receptive AI (URAI), respectively. There was no significant difference between per-act risks of URAI for heterosexuals and MSM. Per-partner unprotected insertive AI (UIAI) and combined URAI–UIAI risk were 21.7% (95% CI 0.2–43.3) and 39.9% (95% CI 22.5–57.4), respectively, with no available per-act estimates. Per-partner combined URAI–UIAI summary estimates, which adjusted for additional exposures other than AI with a ‘main’ partner [7.9% (95% CI 1.2–14.5)], were lower than crude (unadjusted) estimates [48.1% (95% CI 35.3–60.8)]. Our modelling demonstrated that it would require unreasonably low numbers of AI HIV exposures per partnership to reconcile the summary per-act and per-partner estimates, suggesting considerable variability in AI infectiousness between and within partnerships over time. AI may substantially increase HIV transmission risk even if the infected partner is receiving HAART; however, predictions are highly sensitive to infectiousness assumptions based on viral load. Conclusions Unprotected AI is a high-risk practice for HIV transmission, probably with substantial variation in infectiousness. The significant heterogeneity between infectiousness estimates means that pooled AI HIV transmission probabilities should be used with caution. Recent reported rises in AI among heterosexuals suggest a greater understanding of the role AI plays in heterosexual sex lives may be increasingly important for HIV prevention. | |||||
| HIV - Related Stigma, Discrimination and Human Rights Violations | Peter Aggleton, Kate Wood and Anne Malcolm | UNAIDS Best Practice | 75 |
:
|
|
| From the start of the AIDS epidemic, stigma and discrimination have fuelled the transmission of HIV and have greatly increased the negative impact associated with the epidemic. HIV-related stigma and discrimination continue to be manifest in every country and region of the world, creating major barriers to preventing further infection, alleviating impact and providing adequate care, support and treatment. | |||||
Total number: 16 ( More )
